操作系统首先是一个软件,它的设计脱离不了软件设计的范畴。从纯软件发展的角度对其进行考察,有助于我们了解操作系统的历史。下表给出了软件设计角度下的操作系统发展轨迹。
|
主流操作系统
|
系统特点
|
|
软件特点
|
背
景
|
无软件时期
|
无
|
手工操作
|
无编程语言,直接使用机器代码
|
手工操作
|
1936年图灵提出图灵机模型
|
系统雏形期
|
单道批处理系统
|
作业运行的监督程序
|
编程语言雏形期
|
无交互机制
|
1957年FORTRAN语言开发成功
|
操作系统理论的成形期
|
多道批处理系统分时系统 实时系统 多处理系统
|
操作系统结构确立,分为处理机管理、内存管理、设备管理、文件管理等模块
|
①
编程语言大量涌现
②
结构化程序设计
③ C语言逐渐成为主导
|
①
字符式人机交互界面
②
操作命令繁多
|
20世纪60年代的软件危机引发了软件工程的发展;
1969年Unix诞生;
1972年C语言推出
|
现代操作系统时期
|
类Unix系列
Windows系列
|
人机交互成为主题
①
可视化界面
②
多媒体技术
|
面向对象语言成为主流
|
①
过渡至图形界面
②
注重操作可视化
|
20世纪80年代中期,面向对象技术开始逐步发展
|
网络时代
|
网络操作系统 分布式操作系统
|
微内核技术兴起
|
Java语言和脚本语言兴起
|
追求设计个性化;注重感官效果
|
1995年推出Java
|
开源软件时代
|
嵌入式系统
|
单内核与微内核竞争激烈
|
编程工具向跨平台方向发展
|
可移植性成为主题
|
1991年发布了免费的操作系统Linux
|
分析上表,可以知道:
·
程序设计理论约束着操作系统设计。操作系统的发展滞后于计算机语言的发展。从结构化设计到对象化设计,操作系统总是最后应用新编程理论的软件之一。
·
至今,对于操作系统是否需要彻底对象化(即微内核化)还处于徘徊时期,仍在探索单内核与微内核的最佳结合方式。
·
人机交互技术主要是为用户考虑,这是操作系统设计方面的变革。
·
以Linux为代表的开源软件的出现,打破了带有神秘色彩的、传统的封闭式开发模式。
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